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Many of the 1 somatosensory afferent terminals are enveloped in a connective tissue capsule along with surrounding muscle, tendon or cutaneous cells, or end on hair follicles. The hair follicles and the encapsulated tissue adjacent to the 1 afferent terminals (i.e., skin, muscle, tendon, and joint tissues) contain no synaptic specializations and do not generate receptor potentials or release neural transmitters. The complex of encapsulated tissue and afferent endings and the complex of hair follicle and afferent endings play a role in the receptor transduction process, and each complex is considered to form a "somatosensory receptor". Many other 1 somatosensory axons branch and terminate in skin, muscle, or joint as free nerve endings. These endings are bare of myelin, are not encapsulated and are not associated with a specific type of tissue.
Free Nerve Endings. Free nerve endings are found throughout the body, in skin (Figure 2.11), muscles, tendons, joints, mucous membranes, cornea, body mesentery, the dura, the viscera, etc. The free nerve endings in skin are stimulated by tissue-damaging (nociceptive) stimuli that produce the sensation of pain or by cooling of the skin or the warming of skin or by touch. Notice that although all cutaneous free nerve endings appear very similar morphologically, there are different functional types of free nerve endings, with each responding to specific types of cutaneous stimuli (e.g., nociceptive, cooling, warming or touch).
Proprioceptors are located in muscles, tendons, joint ligaments and in joint capsules. There are no specialized sensory receptor cells for body proprioception4. In skeletal (striated) muscle, there are two types of encapsulated proprioceptors, muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs (Figure 2.22), as well as numerous free nerve endings. Within the joints, there are encapsulated endings similar to those in skin, as well as numerous free nerve endings.
In this chapter, you have learned about somatosensory stimuli and the receptors of three components of the somatosensory systems. These three components provide accurate information about the location, shape, texture, and movement of tactile stimuli, (discriminative touch), the position and movement of body parts (proprioception) and the application and location of painful stimuli (nociception). Tactile and proprioceptive stimuli are the mechanical forces produced when skin contacts external objects (discriminative touch), limbs oppose the force of gravity (body position) and muscles contract and body parts move. Painful stimuli are tissue-damaging forces. The sensations produced are those of touch, pressure, flutter, and vibration/movement (discriminative touch), body position and movement (proprioception), and sharp cutting pain. The discriminative touch receptors are encapsulated 1 afferent terminals (Meissner, Pacinian and Ruffini corpuscles), hair follicle endings and Merkel complexes in skin. The proprioceptive receptors in muscle are also encapsulated and include the muscle spindle and Golgi tendon organ. The joint receptors are similar to the encapsulated endings in skin and tendon and are found in the joint capsule and ligaments. The sharp cutting nociceptors are free nerve endings.
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